She is associated with UGent, one of Flanders’ five universities, and is considered a figurehead for women’s health and rights. She held several leading positions in international women’s and health organizations, such as the World Health Organization's Department of Reproductive Health and Research.
In 2015, she joined the Aga Khan Development Network in Kenya and became Director, Centre of Excellence in Women, Adolescents and Child Health at the Aga Khan University. Temmerman has received high critical acclaim for her work. The Marleen Temmerman Fund, which originated from Ghent University, supports the projects of the International Center for Reproductive Health (ICRH) Global and its sister organisations in Belgium, Mozambique and Kenya. All of them have been committed to women's rights and women's health for more than 25 years.